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Here are **detailed, clear, well-explained, large notes with examples and exercises** for all the topics you listed in **French grammar**. You can study and practice from this like a small grammar book 📚

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# **1. VERBS (Les verbes en français)**

### ✅ **a) Present Tense – Le Présent**

**Use of Present Tense:**
It is used to talk about:

* What is happening now
  👉 *Je parle* (I am speaking)
* What happens regularly
  👉 *Je vais à l’école* (I go to school)
* General truths
  👉 *Le soleil brille* (The sun shines)

**Examples with regular verbs:**

| Verb | Meaning | Je | Tu | Il/Elle | Nous | Vous | Ils/Elles |
| ------------ | --------- | ----- | ------ | ------- | --------- | -------- | --------- |
| parler (-er) | to speak | parle | parles | parle | parlons | parlez | parlent |
| finir (-ir) | to finish | finis | finis | finit | finissons | finissez | finissent |
| vendre (-re) | to sell | vends | vends | vend | vendons | vendez | vendent |

**Examples in sentences:**

* Je mange une pomme. (I eat an apple)
* Elle danse très bien. (She dances very well)

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### ✅ **b) Near Future – Le Futur Proche**

**Structure:**
**Aller (present) + infinitive**

| Je | vais | manger |
| --------- | ------ | ------ |
| Tu | vas | manger |
| Il/Elle | va | manger |
| Nous | allons | manger |
| Vous | allez | manger |
| Ils/Elles | vont | manger |

**Examples:**

* Je vais étudier. (I am going to study)
* Nous allons voyager. (We are going to travel)

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### ✅ **c) Simple Future – Le Futur Simple**

Used for: **What will happen in future**

**Formation:**
Infinitive + endings
**ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont**

Ex with *parler*:

* Je parlerai (I will speak)
* Tu parleras
* Il parlera
* Nous parlerons
* Vous parlerez
* Ils parleront

**Examples:**

* Demain, je ferai mon travail. (Tomorrow, I will do my work)
* Elle viendra plus tard. (She will come later)

Some irregular:

* aller → j’irai
* avoir → j’aurai
* être → je serai
* faire → je ferai

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### ✅ **d) Past Tense – Passé Composé**

Used for: **Completed actions in the past**

**Formation:**
**avoir/être (present) + past participle**

| Verb | Past participle |
| ------- | --------------- |
| manger | mangé |
| finir | fini |
| prendre | pris |
| aller | allé(e) |
| venir | venu(e) |

Examples:

* J’ai mangé une pizza. (I ate a pizza)
* Elle est allée au marché. (She went to the market)

**Note:**
Some verbs use **être** (movement verbs):
**aller, venir, entrer, sortir, naître, mourir, arriver, partir, monter, descendre, rester, retourner, tomber**

With être → **agreement happens**

* Elle est allée
* Ils sont venus

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### ✅ **e) Imparfait**

Used for:

* Habitual actions in the past
* Background description
* Feelings in the past

**Formation:**
Nous form (present) – ons + endings
**ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient**

Ex: *nous parlons* → parl + ais = **parlais**

Examples:

* Quand j’étais petit(e), je jouais beaucoup.
  (When I was small, I used to play a lot)
* Il faisait froid.

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### ✅ **f) Imperative – L’Impératif (Order / Request)**

Used for: **Commands / Requests / Advice**

Only 3 forms:

* Tu
* Nous
* Vous

Examples:

* Mange ! (Eat!)
* Parlons ! (Let us speak)
* Écoutez ! (Listen - formal/plural)

Negative:

* Ne parle pas !
* N’ouvrez pas !

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### ✅ **g) Recent Past – Le Passé Récent**

Action that happened **just now**

**Formation:**
Venir de (present) + infinitive

Examples:

* Je viens de manger. (I just ate)
* Elle vient de partir. (She just left)

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### ✅ **h) Conditional – Le Conditionnel Présent**

Used for:

* Polite requests
* Wishes
* Possibility

**Formation:**
Future stem + imparfait endings

Examples:

* J’aimerais un café. (I would like a coffee)
* Si j’étais riche, je voyagerais.

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### ✅ **i) Pronominal Verbs (Reflexive Verbs)**

These verbs use **myself / yourself / himself etc.**

| French | English |
| ------------------ | ------------------- |
| je me lave | I wash myself |
| tu te réveilles | you wake yourself |
| elle se brosse | she brushes herself |
| nous nous lavons | we wash ourselves |
| vous vous habillez | you dress yourself |
| ils se reposent | they relax |

Common ones:

* se laver – to wash oneself
* se réveiller – to wake up
* se souvenir – to remember
* se promener – to walk

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# **2. TROUVEZ LA QUESTION (Find the question)**

You must form a question from a sentence.

3 ways to make a question:

1. **Est-ce que**

   * Tu manges ? → Est-ce que tu manges ?

2. **Inversion**

   * Tu viens. → Viens-tu ?

3. **Intonation**

   * Tu aimes le thé ? ↗

Question words:

| French | English |
| ---------- | -------- |
| Qui | Who |
| Que / Quoi | What |
| Où | Where |
| Quand | When |
| Pourquoi | Why |
| Comment | How |
| Combien | How many |

Example:

* Elle habite à Paris.
  → Où habite-t-elle ?

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# **3. NEGATIVES – La Négation**

Structure:
**ne + verb + pas**

| Affirmative | Negative |
| ------------ | ------------------- |
| Je mange | Je ne mange pas |
| Il travaille | Il ne travaille pas |

Other negatives:

* ne... jamais = never
* ne... rien = nothing
* ne... personne = nobody
* ne... plus = no longer

Examples:

* Je ne veux rien.
* Elle ne sort jamais.

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# **4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS – Pronoms personnels**

| Subject | Object |
| --------- | ------------- |
| Je – I | me / m’ |
| Tu – you | te / t’ |
| Il / elle | le / la / lui |
| Nous | nous |
| Vous | vous |
| Ils/Elles | les / leur |

Examples:

* Je le vois. (I see him)
* Elle leur parle. (She speaks to them)

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# **5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS – Pronoms relatifs simples**

| Pronoun | Use |
| ------- | ---------------- |
| qui | replaces subject |
| que | replaces object |
| où | place/time |
| dont | whose / of which |

Examples:

* C’est la fille **qui** chante. (subject)
* Le livre **que** je lis (object)
* La ville **où** je vis
* L’homme **dont** je parle

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# ✅ EXERCISES

### Exercise 1 – Choose correct verb form:

1. Je ______ (manger – futur proche) une glace.
2. Elle ______ (finir – passé composé) son travail.
3. Nous ______ (jouer – imparfait) chaque jour.

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### Exercise 2 – Make negative sentences:

1. Je suis fatigué.
2. Elle parle avec lui.

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### Exercise 3 – Make questions:

1. Il va à l’école.
2. Marie mange du pain.

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### Exercise 4 – Use relative pronoun:

1. C’est une fille. Elle danse.
2. Voici la maison. J’habite dans cette maison.

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